Ethereum Overcomes the Scalability and Decentralization Dilemma Using PeerDAS
- Ethereum’s December 2025 Fusaka upgrade introduces PeerDAS, a probabilistic data verification mechanism to address scalability bottlenecks and enable 8x blob throughput increases. - PeerDAS reduces node storage/bandwidth demands by distributing data verification via erasure coding, with phased BPO forks incrementally raising blob capacity to 48 per block by 2026. - The upgrade aims to lower L2 transaction costs and enable 100,000+ TPS, positioning Ethereum as a scalable settlement layer for DeFi and AI,

Ethereum’s forthcoming Fusaka upgrade, scheduled for December 3, 2025, will debut PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling), a groundbreaking solution designed to overcome data availability challenges and unlock new levels of scalability for the network. Co-founder Vitalik Buterin described PeerDAS as an “almost unprecedented” innovation, enabling nodes to probabilistically check data availability without needing to download the entire blockchain title1 [ 1 ]. This development is a pivotal milestone in Ethereum’s strategy to boost Layer 2 (L2) throughput and lower transaction fees, all while maintaining decentralization and security title2 [ 2 ].
PeerDAS functions by spreading the task of data verification across multiple nodes, with each node only requesting a portion of the data chunks. When more than half of these chunks are accessible, nodes can reconstruct the complete dataset using erasure coding title1 [ 1 ]. This approach lessens the storage and bandwidth burden on individual nodes, making it possible for
The Ethereum Foundation has proposed a stepwise scaling plan, with PeerDAS as the centerpiece of the Fusaka release. The first phase will raise blob capacity to nine per block, followed by BPO forks aiming for 15 and 21 blobs by January 2026 title6 [ 6 ]. These gradual increases are intended to balance scalability with network reliability, addressing worries about validator storage loads and the risk of centralization title4 [ 4 ]. The Ethereum team is also focusing on bandwidth improvements, such as cell-level messaging, to further boost performance title6 [ 6 ].
The influence of PeerDAS goes beyond technical enhancements. By easing the data load on nodes, the upgrade is expected to make L2 rollups—dependent on Ethereum’s base layer for data availability—more cost-effective. Experts estimate this could allow Ethereum to handle over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) in the future, strengthening its position as a leading settlement platform for decentralized finance (DeFi), AI-driven services, and instant payments title12 [ 12 ]. Moreover, the introduction of blob fee market adjustments will help keep data costs in line with execution gas fees, preventing underpricing and network slowdowns title11 [ 11 ].
However, PeerDAS also brings new challenges. Developers have pointed out increased complexity for block proposers, who must now manage erasure coding and proof creation within strict timeframes. Initial testnet experiments have exposed potential issues like network splits and data shortages during hostile scenarios title4 [ 4 ]. To address these, the Ethereum community is considering incentive systems to reward nodes for sharing data and penalize those that do not comply, though these ideas are still under discussion title4 [ 4 ].
The Fusaka upgrade is a key part of Ethereum’s broader plan to shift toward a rollup-focused architecture, where Layer 2 solutions process most transactions and the main chain provides security and finality. With PeerDAS, Ethereum seeks to reinforce its role as the foundation of the decentralized ecosystem, supporting scalable and affordable applications without sacrificing its fundamental values title12 [ 12 ]. As the December 2025 launch approaches, the network’s progress will be closely tracked, with additional improvements expected in the Glamsterdam upgrade set for mid-2026 title6 [ 6 ].
Disclaimer: The content of this article solely reflects the author's opinion and does not represent the platform in any capacity. This article is not intended to serve as a reference for making investment decisions.
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