The IMF warns about the global impact of dollar stablecoins

The International Monetary Fund steps out of its usual reserve and publishes a detailed guide on stablecoins. As the market exceeds 300 billion dollars, the institution believes that regulation alone will not be enough. What strategy does it really advocate?

The IMF fears financial instability caused by stablecoins

The IMF just published on Thursday its report “Understanding Stablecoins,” a thorough analysis scrutinizing the regulatory approaches of the United States , the United Kingdom, Japan, and the European Union. The conclusion is clear: each jurisdiction moves its pieces, but no one is playing the same game.

The Washington institution points to a major risk . The proliferation of stablecoins on different blockchains creates “inefficiencies due to a potential lack of interoperability.” The system becomes an unmanageable patchwork where regulatory disparities between countries create barriers to transactions.

The sector’s two giants illustrate this fragmentation. Tether’s USDT and Circle’s USDC dominate the market with very distinct reserve strategies. Tether holds about 75% of its collateral in short-term US Treasury bills, supplemented by repos and bank deposits. 

Circle maintains 40% of its reserves in the same government securities. Troubling detail: Tether also holds 5% of its assets in bitcoin, a diversification that raises questions about the very stability of the “stablecoin” concept.

In the United States, the GENIUS Act signed by Donald Trump in July has reshuffled the cards. This regulation imposes a strict framework for payment stablecoins. According to the audit conducted by CertiK, it caused a notable separation of liquidity between American and European pools. A balkanization that perfectly illustrates the IMF’s concerns.

Beyond regulation, a matter of systemic resilience

The IMF’s message contrasts with usual speeches focused solely on legal frameworks. The institution states that “strong macroeconomic policies and robust institutions should form the first line of defense.” 

In other words: regulation is not enough; foundations of the financial system itself must be strengthened.

This vision makes perfect sense when looking at the recent market evolution. Some analysts, like Stephen Miran from the Fed, believe stablecoins could be worth 3 trillion dollars by 2030. 

A perspective likely to force the Federal Reserve to reconsider its monetary policy, notably its neutral interest rate. The growing demand for these dollar-backed assets literally sucks up US Treasury bills.

The IMF also insists on “international coordination” as an essential element to solve these challenges. A coordination desperately lacking today. While Europe deploys its MiCA regulation, the United States polish the GENIUS Act, and Asia experiments with its own models.

The overwhelming dominance of the dollar in the stablecoin universe – more than 99% of the market – raises another question. These stable cryptos are becoming vectors of dollarization for emerging economies, bypassing traditional banking circuits. A phenomenon that could weaken monetary policy transmission and alter global macroeconomic balances.

The IMF no longer just observes: it sounds the alarm on regulatory fragmentation. Its message is clear: without international coordination and without strengthening macroeconomic frameworks, stablecoins risk becoming a factor of instability rather than a mastered financial innovation. The ball is now in the global regulators’ court.